Elizabeth Bathory :: essays papers

Elizabeth BathoryIn order to improve her complexion and also to maintain her failing grasp on her early days and vitality, she slaughtered six hundred innocent young women from her tiny mountain principality...The noble Bthory family stemmed from the Hun Gutkeled clan which held power in broad areas of east fundamental Europe (in those places now known as Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and Romania), and had emerged to assume a role of relative eminence by the first half of the 13th century. Abandoning their tribal roots, they false the name of one of their estates (Btor meaning valiant) as a family name. Their power rose to reach a zenith by the mid 16th century, but declined and faded to choke out completely by 1658. Great kings, princes, members of the judiciary, as well as holders of ecclesiastical and civil posts were among the ranks of the Bthorys.Adopting an exalted name did not alter many basic familial preferences among lesser lights however, and in order to consolidate more tenuous clingings to influence there was considerable intermarriage amongst the Bthory family, with some of the familiar problems of this practice produced as a result. Unfortunately, beyond the usual problems some extraordinary difficulties arose (namely hideous psychoses) and several immorality geniuses appeared, the notorious and sadistic Erzsbet the most prominent of them.Truly, she was evil enough to be recognized as one of the original vampires who later inspired Bram Stoker to write the legend of Dracula -- but unlike Stokers story, she was real. unaccustomed for one of her social status, she was a fit and active child. Raised as Magyar royalty, as a young maid she was quite beautiful gentle in her features, slender of build, tall for the time, but her personality did not attain the same measure of fortuitous development. In her own opinion her most great(p) feature was her often commented upon gloriously creamy complexion. Although others were not really so equally impr essed with the quality of her rather ordinary skin, they offered copious praise if they knew what was beneficial for them, as Erzsbet did not accept unenthusiastic half-measures of adulation and she was vindictive.She was only 15 when she was married off for political gain and position to a rough soldier of (nevertheless) dreary stock and manner. By reason of the marriage, she became the lady of the Castle of Csejthe, his home, situated deep in the Carpathian mountains of what is now central Romania, but which then was known only as Transylvania.

Mobile Phone-based Interaction Techniques Essay -- Technology, Bluetoo

Many of the research leaveed in the field of mobile phone-based fundamental interaction techniques that have been developed so far fall into three main fall apartes according to Sas & Dix 21. In some research, the personal device effectively acts as an protracted input device for text editing or pointing task. In others, the phone is used to upload and download media using standard content and protocols. The third class is where the mobile phone is a more integral part of the interaction, typically using the display of the device in concert with the public display. Ballagas et al 7 turn over a survey of the existed interaction techniques that use mobile phones as pointing device. Alongside with the survey, they present an analysis on these techniques based on the following taxonomy piazza, orient, select, path, quantify, and text .The mull over concludes that the mobile phone is suitable devise for positioning tasks in various ways especially when interacting with public displa y in pervasive environment. Bellow we present some studies based on Sas & Dix classification 21.Mobile phone as pointing devise As a research area, several studies use image touch on and visual recognition as a base in there interaction technique, since that most of the smart phones and handheld devices are equipped with digital camera. Jiang et al 1 attempted to take advantage of this fact by proposing a study to interact with display through mobile device camera. There method uses the position of the arrow on the display as the basic input source. The presented systems depend on a closed-loop of feedback between the handheld device and the display to provide continuous-visual feedback. This closed-loop starts with presenting the cursor on the display. Then, th... ...sts of three units the Symbian client application running on the mobile phone. The role of this unit is to enable users to select a track from the presented list on the phone screen. The second unit is the server ap plication running on a PC which counts the votes from all client unit users. The last one is a large public display which acts as the main user port showing the track list and their votes.Kaviani et al 13 propose new user port wine concept that take advantage of the input and output capability of large public display and mobile phone. They call this mode of interface as two-fold display, which allows users to execute multimedia user interfaces across both large and small display types. By shifting parts of a user interface down to a personal mobile device number of problems originating from limitations in large display real estate can be solved.

Music Played Key Role in US Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Role of Mus

Music was used as a critical instrument in the primordial 20th degree centigrade in mobilizing and inspiring the civil rights movement by giving them more voice to bring out their grievances. According to Kerk (2007, p.18) Martin Luther world-beater was the to the highest degree prolific figure who utilized unison to sensitize society, we believe that freedom songs play a big and vital part in the assay that we ar going through this words were also echoed by the Albany movement music keeps us a live, it gives us a sense of unity, in the raw bravery every dawn, hope to move on that the future s bankness holds something in our most daring and dreadful hoursDevelopment of Music The 20th century was a century which join States had great influence in the world of music across the globe. America was the birth place of most influential music, from cognize to contention which was promoted by the q7uality of technology like radio and phonographs. Advanced technology ensured fast distribution of music to Americans and all-round the globe. 20th century also brought African Americans and their music culture which was more practiced by slaves. However, even before the African American s came into music, blues music was already evolving leading to training of separate genres like country music, jazz to rock and classical music. Soul music came up as a result of rock and roll from the African American gospel, rhythm and blues. As the century grew bands were created like the bubblegum pop band comprised of blacks who created new fusion of R&B and hip hop music that is still embraced till now. Rap music evolved from the Blues, rap music was made up of deep rhythms and autobiographical lyrics. Music nurtured the African American tradition and their struggle towards equating the identical cent... ...its songs. Montgomery, Ala NewSouth Books.Kirk, J. (2007). Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement controversies and debates. Basingstoke New York P algrave Macmillan.Monson, I. (2010).Freedom sounds civil rights call out to jazz and Africa. New York Oxford Oxford University Press.Menkart, D., Murray, A. & View, J. (2004). Putting the movement back into civil rights instruction a resource guide for K-12 classrooms. Washington, D.C Teaching for Change and the Poverty & Race Research Action Council.Roy, W. (2010). Reds, whites, and blues social movements, folk music, and race in the United States. Princeton Princeton University Press.Schneider, M. (2002). We regaining fighting the civil rights movement in the Jazz Age. Boston Northeastern University PressVarious. (2005). The Civil Rights Movement. City Morgan Reynolds Pub. Music Played Key federal agency in US Civil Rights Movement Essay -- Role of MusMusic was used as a critical instrument in the early 20th century in mobilizing and inspiring the civil rights movement by giving them more voice to bring out their grievances. According to Kerk (2007, p.18) Mart in Luther king was the most prolific figure who utilized music to sensitize society, we believe that freedom songs play a big and vital part in the struggle that we are going through this words were also echoed by the Albany movement music keeps us a live, it gives us a sense of unity, new courage every dawn, hope to move on that the future still holds something in our most daring and dreadful hoursDevelopment of Music The 20th century was a century which United States had great influence in the world of music across the globe. America was the birth place of most influential music, from jazz to rock which was promoted by the q7uality of technology like radio and phonographs. Advanced technology ensured fast distribution of music to Americans and all-round the globe. 20th century also brought African Americans and their music culture which was more practiced by slaves. However, even before the African American s came into music, blues music was already evolving leading to developme nt of other genres like country music, jazz to rock and classical music. Soul music came up as a result of rock and roll from the African American gospel, rhythm and blues. As the century grew bands were created like the bubblegum pop band comprised of blacks who created new fusion of R&B and hip hop music that is still embraced till now. Rap music evolved from the Blues, rap music was made up of deep rhythms and autobiographical lyrics. Music nurtured the African American tradition and their struggle towards equality the same cent... ...its songs. Montgomery, Ala NewSouth Books.Kirk, J. (2007). Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement controversies and debates. Basingstoke New York Palgrave Macmillan.Monson, I. (2010).Freedom sounds civil rights call out to jazz and Africa. New York Oxford Oxford University Press.Menkart, D., Murray, A. & View, J. (2004). Putting the movement back into civil rights teaching a resource guide for K-12 classrooms. Washington, D.C Teac hing for Change and the Poverty & Race Research Action Council.Roy, W. (2010). Reds, whites, and blues social movements, folk music, and race in the United States. Princeton Princeton University Press.Schneider, M. (2002). We return fighting the civil rights movement in the Jazz Age. Boston Northeastern University PressVarious. (2005). The Civil Rights Movement. City Morgan Reynolds Pub.

The Euro :: Essays Papers

The EuroIn Europe, the debut of the euro is widely hailed as the most burning(prenominal) event affecting the international monetary landscape since the breakup of the Bretton Woods System in 1971 to 1973, or since the Bretton Woods Agreement in 1944, or by chance even since the founding of the Federal Reserve System in 1913. It has become a contest for European officials and commentators to see who can push the analogy vertebral column furthest in time. Eminences elsewhere in the world have similarly greeted the euro with high hopes and great expectations. Only in the United States has the euro been greeted with a yawn. It is not trying to see why. So far, its advent has not weakened the international financial position of the dollar if anything the opposite has been true. The dollar has been strong against the euro rather than weak for frequently of last autumn the fear was that the euro, which had started out being worth well more than a dollar, might plunge through the dread ed psychological barrier of one to one. There has been no sign of Asian and Latin American central banks replacing their dollars with euros en masse, as prominent commentators had predicted. The United States has not had to assortment the way it does business at Group of Seven summits, the OECD, or the IMF. Many Americans thus cannot help but feel that the euro is a tempest in a teapot. The Euros Slow Start Perhaps Asian and Latin American central banks have been waiting to dump their dollars until the euro stabilizes. Through much of 1999 the euro was weak because the European parsimony was weak governments and private investors were understandably reluctant to overweight a currency that seemed to be losing value by the day. Investors were slow to move into euros because they thought that Europe was little well prepared than the United States for Y2K. They worried about the stability of the European banking system because European banks had lent much more aggressively than thei r American counterparts to Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia and Thailand. merely now that European growth is finally accelerating, the euro could strengthen, and the anticipated shift into euros at last could get under way.Perhaps governments and investors have been reluctant to embrace the euro because of a series of missteps by the European Central Bank. In the early months of 1999, ECB officials issued a series of confusing and contradictory statements, and on several occasions the ECB boards decision on whether or not to raise interest rates leaked to the press in advance of the official announcement.

A Comparison of Two Advertisements :: Papers

A Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertisements are messages that are intended to influence and persuade their audience. Their purpose is to raise awareness of the creation of their product in the people whom they target and to promote the benefits of spoiling or using it. Adverts are paid for by the advertisers and is a major source of income for magazines - nearly 40% of revenues. Without money from advertising, much of the modern media would not exist. Therefore advertising is a commercial business as opposed to free publicity alike(p) press releases and photo opportunities. A range of advertisers exist in the UK. Many of them are small companies who are trying to promote themselves. Bigger companies will buy in an advertising agency to create the messages in relevant media. Also, the Government spends considerable amounts of money on advertising. They produce two types of advertisements information (i.e. tax returns) and smooth-tongued (i.e. n ot to drink drive). I am going to compare and analyse two advertisements from magazines. Magazines have a ready-made pre-defined target audience, so they provide an impressive point of contact for advertisers and their target consumers. Both of my chosen adverts are from Bliss, a teenage magazine aimed at girls roughly aged 11-19. It is the second biggest interchange teen title and leads the market in editorial innovation and exciting new ideas. The messages of this type of mainstream magazine are dedicated to the ideal image of a teenage girl who is independent, sexy and looks after her appearance. Fashion, cosmetics and beauty tips take up 50 pages of the magazine, so a substantial part of it is devoted to the improvement of the personate and looks. Because image dominates the magazine so much, it seems the ideal medium for advertising lip products. The first advert I have chosen to analyse is advertising a new lipstick. My second advert is promot ing is a lip gloss. I am going to scrutinize each advertisement separately, examining how the techniques they have used persuade the consumer to procure the product, and then

A Comparison of Two Advertisements :: Papers

A Comparison of Two Advertisements Advertisements argon messages that are mean to influence and persuade their audience. Their purpose is to raise awareness of the existence of their product in the people whom they target and to promote the benefits of buying or using it. Adverts are paid for by the fallisers and is a major source of income for magazines - approximately 40% of revenues. Without money from advertising, much of the modern media would not exist. Therefore advertising is a mercenary business as opposed to free publicity like press releases and photo opportunities. A range of advertisers exist in the UK. Many of them are miniature companies who are trying to promote themselves. Bigger companies will buy in an advertising agency to create the messages in relevant media. Also, the Government spends considerable amounts of money on advertising. They produce two causas of advertisements information (i.e. tax returns) and persuasive (i.e. not to drink drive). I am going to compare and analyse two advertisements from magazines. Magazines energize a ready-made pre-defined target audience, so they provide an effective point of contact for advertisers and their target consumers. Both of my chosen adverts are from Bliss, a adolescent magazine aimed at girls roughly aged 11-19. It is the second biggest selling teen title and leads the market in editorial innovation and exciting new ideas. The messages of this type of mainstream magazine are dedicated to the ideal image of a teenage girl who is independent, sexy and looks after her appearance. Fashion, cosmetics and beauty tips take up 50 pages of the magazine, so a substantial part of it is devoted to the improvement of the body and looks. Because image dominates the magazine so much, it seems the ideal medium for advertising lip products. The first advert I have chosen to analyse is advertising a new lipstick. My second advert is promoting is a lip gloss. I am going to examine each advertisement separately, examining how the techniques they have used persuade the consumer to purchase the product, and then

Degradation of Moral Values in Indian Society Essay

Human beings enjoy the maximum freedom and power for governing their habitat and environment. This power sometimes enables them to misuse the resources Materialism has led us to a degradation in our moral values.India is the most ancient civilization. Vedas were written in India. Buddha got divine knowledge here. We are proud of our rich cultural heritage tho today we have forgotten those ideals, values and principles which were so dear to our ancestors.Take for example, the concept of pin family. Today, no young couple prefers a joint family. We do not want to be grateful to our parents. Rather, we want to disown them.The next most prominent degradation in our moral values reflects itself in the excogitate of vitiateion. In India, corruption is prevalent at all the levels and the irony is that even if we accuse that they are guilty, they remain supreme. These developments are not good for the national sparing and the moral conditioning of our younger generations.The free market economics has added fuel to the fire. When we find that everybody is corrupt. So, we waste no time in becoming the part of this corrupt system.Another steep decline in moral values manifests itself in the form of our poor educational system and teaching methodologies. In fact, the poor educational system in all the parts of the nation has led to poor moral values in the society The students do not respect their teachers. copy during the examinations is a common practice. Best of the brains are drained to the West because the offers are tempting- and nobody misses the opportunity if offered once. Further, in Indian society, respect for elders is taking a backseat in the name of modernization. Our cultural values have taught us to respect our parents and help them during the times of their helplessness. However, the growth of nuclear families has led to complete ignorance of parents and elders. We never approve of much(prenominal) a deformed social and cultural chaos in our nation t hat was known for her warmth and familytraditions for over several hundred centuries.Criminals should be banned from governance and should be treated with an iron hand if they try to disturb the democratic norms laid down by our Constitution The Election Commission has done easily by forbidding candidates with criminal records from fighting elections.In our schools, the traditional Indian values must(prenominal) be taught and reinforced. Schools can change the face of our society.The concept of joint families must be promoted among the young couples. This concept would enable them to take fruitful guidance from their elders. Education should be imparted according to Western norms. However, Indian values must also be enforced so that our children remain in touch with their roots.

Ethan Frome: Tragic figure that function

Ethan Frome Tragic figure that functions as an instrument of the wretched of others ay cache1897 unit Four Ethan Frome In the novella Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton, main character Ethan Frome is a human that faces many disappointments as well no self-assurance. Ethan Frome is definitely a sad flgure that functions as an Instrument of the suffering of others In the novel. Ethan Frome overall is a actually tragic tale of misery and suffering, and any of the main characters involved can be connected to that suffering.Wharton makes Ethan not only the victim, but the function of all the other characters suffering to ruly get In depth with the flaws that Ethan possesses. Zeena, Ethan FromeS wife experiences practically suffering due to Ethan. Ethan spent his whole life never being able to weather up for himself. He chose to marry Zeena for the sole reason that she would end his l atomic number 53liness. It could have also been the fact that he felt bad that she dedicated her life to p ickings care of Ethans mom. Next, Ethan decided to give Zeena a loveless relationship.Never in the text does Ethan show any sort of emotion toward his wife, nor does she show any towards him. Ethan is omewhat awful towards the one in which he personally chose to be his wife. He chooses to go to work rather than drive her to the doctor, he decides to pursue another woman who Is his wifes cousin, and lastly, he chooses to eradicate himself for the sake of his own independence and his love for Mattie. Zeena however, can be aggravating at times which causes Ethan to act certain ways. Zeena tragically has hypochondria which brings out the cold, unhappy, unequivocal woman who whines and complains incessantly.Ethan lets Zeena dominate him which shows his flaw of eing subordinate. These mistakes eventually lead to his fall. It Is clearly seen that Zeena uses Illness to get Ethans attention and love he hasnt been giving. Zeena makes it hard for Ethan to show how he feels almost Mattie in his heart, because when she comes around, Ethan Is blindsided by her thoughts in his head. but there was only one thought in my mind the fact that, for the first time since Mattie had come to stand firm with them, Zeena was to be away for the night.He wondered if the girl were thinking of it in addition (40). Another main character is Mattie Silver, who is he desired women Ethan wants to be with rather than his wife. From early descriptions of Mattie, she appears to be the euphonious maiden whose arrival Into Ethan Fromes desperate life provides love and hope. Wharton describes Mattie as being a lively and happy young woman, before her suicide attempt that leaves her an remove and a former shadow of herself. Her name, Mattie Silver, symbolizes the glistening and beauty of a piece of sterling silver.Wharton also states The pure air, and the long summer hours In the open, gave life and snap to Mattie (Wharton 60). Thls quote give Mattie the image of someone with great beauty an d personality. Ethan has strong feelings for Mattie and it turns out that the maiden has mutual feelings. Because she has feelings for him, and the sweetness of spirit to interest him in return, the resulting tragedies occur. She develops a catastrophic attitude. She had the mindset that if she couldnt be with Ethan, and be happy, then she doesnt want 1 OF2 sne tnen encourages Etnan to take tne slea down ana commit sulc10e wltn her.Her spontaneous and drastic emotions that are tied up with Ethan lead to much uffering. The fact that Ethan quickly agrees to commit suicide shows that he isnt really self-reliant and doesnt think for himself. Wharton shows a flaw that Ethan possesses which in turns cause much suffering for him and Mattie. Ethan Frome is definitely painted as a tragic figure in his crippled state of misery. His tragic flaw could be that he is too indebted to family, and feels too much obligation to them. This brings him home to care for his parents, and wont allow him to leave his wife to seek happiness.Its a good trait, loyalty, but in this facial expression it eeps him shackled in a miserable situation, that, because he wont resolve it in a different way, leads to his tragic and spontaneous decision on the day he decides to go sledding with the women he truly desired. Although Ethan may have suffered, his suffering impacted the people around him. Ethan and his wife represent a broken relationship. It is very ironic how the pickle dish Zeena cherishes is broken. The fact that Zeenas cat breaks the pickle dish is significant. The cat is already symbolically linked with Zeena.

Cola Wars: Porters 5 Forces

Michael Porter developed five different forces in a framework he felt influenced industries. This framework was designed to service of process companies find ways to off-set a rival company and to help develop a more solid business plan. It has been known everyplace the years a contest has existed been two of the biggest soda companies, coca plant booby and Pepsi. Three of Porters forces that argon exemplified in this coke war atomic number 18 buyer power, barriers to entry, and rivalry which will be explained and elaborated on in the following essay. Buyer PowerThe sellers confound a low to moderate buyer power over the consumer flaccid drink industry, due to the producers ability to forward integrate, the sheer number of buyers, and the buyers ability to forward integrate. Buyer power is the leg of influence customers harbor on the producing erant. Soft drink companies such as coca Cola and Pepsi have used forward integration to take over their channels of distribution. They created contracts that gave them the ability to set concentrate prices for their bottlers in turn bottlers would respond to price fulgurations by adjusting retail pricing.In 2000, when coca plant Cola raised concentrate prices by 7. 6%, bottlers raised the retail prices by 6 to 7%. This demonstrates that buyers have limited control over the price changes. Coca Cola has similarly do great efforts to take over the bottling of their product, by establishing the independent subsidiary Coca Cola Enterprises. They began by acquiring bottlers to produce one third of their volume during 1986 which change magnitude to 80% in 2004. This gave Coca Cola more control over retail pricing, and distribution of their products to retail stores.Since on that point are so many retail stores that carry products that consumer soft drink, CSD, companies make, it is hard for buyers to create a collaborative effort to resist price increases. Buyer power as well as suffers if retailers are fragmen ted and are non concentrated to a single type. Almost any type of store will carry a CSD product, which makes gross sales very spread away across the board. The different kinds of intermediaries involved in retail sales are Fountain and Vending machines, Super-markets, Convenience and Gas, Super Centers, Mass Retailers, and Club and Drug Stores.To dedicate things in perspective 34 % of sales comes from Fountain and Vending, while 31% are from supermarkets. Fountain and Vending machines are mostly controlled by the CSD bottlers. Even though supermarkets may sell the second largest volume, CSD companies make up 5. 5% of their sales and also bring customers to their door. Not enough to convince you? Consider this CSD companies such as Coca Cola produce a wide variety of products ranging from sports drinks to water, all the way to energy drinks. Coca Cola most likely will not sell a product to a supermarket unless they carry their full line of products.If the retail prices increase on the Coca Cola product they may have little control over resistance, because they rely on the other products they provide. Lastly, Coca Cola is considered the most valuable disfigurement in the world, with 10 major favored brands and substantial power in the realm of business. Although Coca Cola may have a signifi suffert essence of power over their buyers, companies with much small market share, and product lines are taken advantage of by larger retailers. For example, mass merchandisers make up 14% of Pepsis total revenue, making that intercessor crucial to the companys profitability.In some cases retailers do have power to resist price increases because they purchase a large number of breakputs. Typically there are far more buyers than concentrate producers, which can give them leverage over smaller brands that rely on the sales they generate. Barriers to Entry When entering a market there are certain barriers that prevent a firm from becoming established, or gaining mar ket share. In the consumer soft drink industry there are advanced capital requirements, unequal access to distribution channels, and brand loyalty which translates to advanced barriers to entry.In the text it states the price of a concentrate manufacturing plant is clean reasonable. Manufacturing facilities cost around $25 million, and $50 million including machinery, overhead, and labor. For established companies with separate revenue streams, generating this kind of money could be fairly reasonable, curiously since one of these plants can serve the entire country. Coca Cola and Pepsi operate around 100 plants each for adequate distribution of their product. New entrants would have a hard term investing enough capital that would be required to keep up with Coke and Pepsis istribution. Advertising and promotion costs are also high in 2004 Coca Cola spent $246,243 just on advertising their cola product. This shows that in order to compete in this industry, entrants are forced to dismiss large sums of money on advertising, packaging, proliferation, and widespread retail price discounting. The high capital investment also translates to lowers profit margins, which makes entry even more unappealing. other factor that creates a barrier to entry is the unequal access to distribution channels.Coke and Pepsi created agreements with their franchised bottlers that prevent them from handling competing brands of other concentrate producers. This prevents companies from entering an industry and using a Coca Cola bottler to get their product on the market. Also as Coca Cola and Pepsi grow in size so does the shelf lacuna they require. As stated previously Coca Cola and Pepsi produce around 10 brands each, this constricts the amount of shelf space an entry producer will have access to. The top two cola companies have also made a significant amount of acquisitions, to boost the distribution of their products relative to their competitors.Coca Cola win 68% gushing ri ghts against Pepsis 22% and Cadbury Schweppes 10%, across the United States. The reason Coca Cola has a majority of the pouring rights is because their agreements with Burger King and McDonalds, as well as their exclusive pouring rights and contracts around the world whereas entry producers do not have the capital to invest, in buying out pouring rights. The ability to use sell machine technology requires a high capital investment from incumbent firms. Coca Cola and Pepsi offer their bottlers incentives to develop vending machine technology which accounts for 34% of the industry sales volume.Entry companies would have to invest in this technology to compete with the volume sales figures. One of the marketing goals of a company is to establish brand loyalty. When brand loyalty is achieved, customers will most likely not switch to a competitors brand. As a barrier to entry, brand loyalty is affected by many factors, such as presence in the market, or advertising and promotion efforts , to name a few. Both Coca Cola and Pepsi were created in the 80s, as pioneers of the cola industry. Coca Cola was the first to invent the original cola recipe, and patent the 6. -oz bottle. Coca Cola also used strong promotional efforts in World War II, which contributed to brand identity. The case does not supply information regarding the sales across different age groups, but I believe figures would suggest higher sales levels across the ages compared to untesteder brands. It is apparent that the companies with the longest presence in the industry have the highest market share, which also directly correlates with the amount of advertising each company has expended over time.Another perfect example of this trend in the CSD industry is energy drink company cherry Bull, having the largest market share while also spending the most on advertising. This goes to show by having consistently strong promotional efforts and advertising both Coca Cola and Red Bull have excelled in their ma rkets. It is difficult for new entrants of soft drink market to match the brand loyalty Coca Cola has established through aggressive advertising over the course of the companys existence. Rivalry In the beverage industry rivalry is at outflank a mechanism that drives profits and keeps the industry in motion.Coca Cola explains that they are in the position they are in today because of their rivalry with Pepsi. Rivalry is high because of the competition between top brands, low product differentiation and slow industry growth. It is clear that there is a substantial rivalry between Coca Cola and Pepsi that alone claim 74. 8 % of the U. S. CSD market as of 2004. Not only does this information tell us that there is a small amount of major competitors in the industry, but it also says that there is a fight for market share with the top two brands. This is most exemplified in the advertising outlay of the two companies.During 2003 Pepsi spend a total of $236,396 on advertising while Coca Cola spent $167,675 the year after Coke responded by nurture their advertising expenditure to $246,243. This trend also happened in 1981 to 1984, when coke doubled its advertising spending as a result Pepsi did as well. The next varying that contributes to the high degree of rivalry is the low product differentiation. Although there are many efforts made by beverage companies to differentiate their product from others, there are no truly unique attributes about a single CSD brand. Each cola company provides a elatively similar option in packaging, container size and ounces per container. It is typical for companies such as Coca Cola and Pepsi offer 10 different brands, 17 container types and provide many discounts and promotions. For example Coke make Sprite and Pepsi has sierra Mist and Dr Pepper owns 7UP this creates a rivalry over who has the best lemon lime soft drink product. To show my point, Pepsi launched The Pepsi Challenge, which gave customers the ability to try out t he different brands and see how they compare. Pepsi knew they needed to find a way to show consumers the difference between their brand and the competitors.This approach fueled the rivalry among other CSD companies especially Coca Cola. Slow industry growth spurs rivalry because it calls for companies to develop new competitive advantages and core competencies to keep sales alive. The market share for cola products has dropped from 71% in 1990, to 60% in 2004. Other products such as energy drinks and bottled water are increasing in market share, as consumers switch their concentrate to more operating(a) and healthy alternatives. Goizueta said, The product and the brand, had a declining share in a shrinking segment of the market. Signifying the need for soft drink manufacturers to find new ways to boost sales and increase rivalry. To put a number on these increasing trends, bottled water volume sales grew by 18. 8% in 2004, compared to 7. 6% non-carb CSDs and1% CSD growth. Top comp anies now have to find ways to proliferate their CSD products in relation to their rivals. It is also a definite possibility with the slow sales volume growth of 10 billion cases in 2001 to 10. 2 in 2004 that companies will invest in new beverage arenas such as the functional category, thus creating new rivalries.

A Critical Essay on Theodore Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz” Analysis

How can a song written more than fifty years ago answer to find a more contemporary reading, and inspire a healthy yet critical discussion between classicists and modernist readers or audiences?Such is the charm exhibited by the song My Papas Waltz written by Theodore Roethke. Even before jumping straight to the discussion of the meat and matter, or the content of the meter itself, there is already so much to say about the poem if we are to judge its literary merit in terms of form.NARRATIVE STRUCTURE, LANGUAGE AND RHYMEThe poem is very easily understood and is presented in a clear chronological order, from the time the father comes home, up to the conclusion of the waltz with the speaker in the poem discharge to bed (Roethke). Because of a clear chronology of events, the poem is light, delightful, and yet, remains thought-provoking.The language used is as well as very light and appropriate, as it is seen that the speaker in the poem is a baby and the addressee is the papa, or the father of the speaker (Roethke). Such easy vocabulary is appropriate for the speaker in the poem, thus creating a high direct of believability in the reader and lending credibility to the speaker in the poem.We see clearly and immediately the distinction between the speaker and the addressee, and we can also create in our minds the right profile for both speaker and addressee in the poem. The rhyme scheme is A-B-A-B-C-D-C-D-E-F-E-F-G-H-G-H.There is a wonderful mix of masculine rhymes like head-bed in lines 13 and 15 (Roethke), and dirt-shirt in lines 14 and 16 (Roethke) and feminine rhymes like dizzy-easy in lines 1 and 3 (Roethke), and knuckle-buckle in lines 10 and 12 (Roethke) in the poem. The some sloppy rhymes found in the poem are also interesting since they can be, again, attributed to the fact that the speaker is a person of tender age.IMAGERY AND FIGURATIVE LANGUAGEThe biography structure of the poem is further bolstered by a clear and vivid rendering of images. The very first two lines The whiskey on your breath/Could incorporate a shit a small boy dizzy (Roethke) clearly and certainly presents a clear mental picture, where, not only the minds eye, but as well as other senses are able to participate to be specific, in these lines, the sense of smell.Even the minds ears are able to participate in the sensory experience of the poem as evidenced by lines 5 and 6 We romped until the pans/Slid from the kitchen shelf (Roethke) where one could easily hear the racket that these pans sliding off kitchen shelves may have caused.This poem is simply a delight to the senses The use of figurative language is superior as well. With lines 7 and 8 My mothers countenance/Could not unfrown itself (Roethke), and the final lines Then waltzed me off to bed/ Still clinging to your shirt (Roethke) are excellent and very inventive use of figurative language, not to mention it be far from clich.The poem is a brilliant gem of literature that exhibits mastery, not only of poetic form, but as well as content. Speaking of content, this is exactly what has been subject of heated debates and lively discussion regarding the theme or the reading of the poem.DUALITY OF READINGThe poem presents a multilayered theme, capable of multiple readings. This conflict of reading and interpretation of the poems thematic or symbolic meaning stems from a difference in reader response to the poem.Most classicists view the poem as an innocent and nostalgic retelling of a soldering time between a doting father and a beloved son/child. On the other end of the spectrum are the modernists interpretation of the poem as one which speaks of child abuse by physical punishment of a drunk father.The classicists argue that a reading of a poem should also take into consideration the era or period at the time of the poems writing. They argue that the poem should not only be read and appreciated or criticized by using intrinsic information within the poem, but also extrins ic factors, such as the reference to line 1s whiskey breath (Roethke), and lines 7 and 8s mothers countenance (Roethke).The modernists are in the view that this is not an enjoyable scenario for a child when such a dance is considered not easy (Roethke) in line 4, as well as a hung to death(Roethke) in line3. Furthermore, ferocity is suggested by the hand holding on to the personas wrist in line 9, which is described as batter in one knuckle in line 10. There is also a strong suggestion of violence by the scrapping of the right ear in a buckle at each misstep (Roethke) in lines 11 and 12. Delivering the final nail to the coffin of the argument are the final lines 15 and 16s waltzing off to bed alleviate clinging to the abusive fathers shirt (Roethke), which shows reluctance and forcible tucking in of the speaker to the bed.I identify with the modernists in the reading and interpretation of this poem. I see violence and abuse in the poem, but to debate on such matters would be to e ntirely miss the point. The point here is that, this work is a marvelous entrap of literature because it has the sempiternal quality of a classic, as well as a multi-faceted and multi-layered interpretation.After all, a good poem should impart a significant military man experience, and it should draw from the reader, empathy, and a participation of the senses. Whether this is a nostalgic recall of good times between father and child or a violent installment of child abuse, the fact remains that the poem succeeds both in form and substance or content, and transcends time, is of essence. Its allowing for multiple readings is only a testament to the sterling qualities of this timeless classic.

The White Umbrella

The White Umbrella The narrator of The White Umbrella is ashamed of her mom because she works. end-to-end the story, she begins to engender a different perspective of her mom. In the end of The White Umbrella, she respects her mom and realizes that her mom likes to have a job. One of the things that helps her to realize that is she sees how more than she loves working. Her mom says on page 332, A promotion already she said finally. Her mom likes her job.The narrator learns that she loves her mom no matter what she does when they get in a wreck. The narrator says Mom I screamed. Mom Wake up Luckily, no one was hurt and she comes to realize that she does not care that her mom has a job. tooshie in the beginning, she is ashamed that her mom works scour though she does not know where she is working. The narrator explains this when she is having a conversation with her mom Lots of peoples arrests work. Those are American people, I said. In addition, she does not mention her mo ms job to her piano teacher because she is so ashamed and she and her sister have to walk to practice because of this. I dont think so, said Mona as we walked to our piano lesson after school. In the middle of the story, her mom tells her where she is working, but is even more disappointed. She still thinks it is like being poor. The narrator asks her mom to quit. Another reason why she does not want her to work is that the mom forgot them at practice. My mothers almost here, I said shes on her way. Youve been out here an hour already. She was ashamed of her mom working but now does not mind that her mother has a job as long as she is happy. The narrator of The White Umbrella reconsiders her mother working throughout the story.

Truth-in-Sentencing Laws Do Not Deter Crime

Truth-in-Sentencing Laws Do Not Deter Crimes Nain Lizette Ritchey CJA/204 November 12, 2012 University of Phoenix Truth-in-Sentencing Laws Do Not Deter Crimes In the process of knowing whether or not sentencing laws deter crime, that point in the United States (U. S. ), in the last 20 years, shows that longer sentences do not deter crime. After years of increased sentences and drain on the submits treasury, we need to acknowledge this fact. In New York and many other states, the tough policies have produced a combination of large-scale prison overcrowding without meaningful reductions in our crime rate.The U. S. now has the superiorest rate of incarceration of any technologically advanced country in the world get out the Soviet Union and South Africa, and except for the extremely poor countries such as the Caribbean, Latin America and Africa, we also have the highest violent-crime rate. This does not prove that high rates of incarceration cause high crime rates, but it surely ind icates that high rates of incarceration do not cause low crime rates.We need to acknowledge that the kind of handling evils receive from the state can affect their subsequent conduct. Some rehabilitation programs do work. Some individuals clearly need to be re soundd from society. Alternatives to incarceration ar less expensive and they provide critical opportunities for those who can be reformed. Corrections systems in some of the most conservative states in the country have begun to move away from policies based on the promise that tougher sentences reduce crime.Though many ar moving away from this belief, that fact still remains to show that the overcrowding of the jails and prisons is becoming an replication worldwide. The crimes are not being reduced nor are they becoming of lesser status. The age range is becoming younger, within the age of 18-25. A lot of these criminals are returning and are labeled as returned offenders without consequences. The state of North Carolina is one of the few states that are using the three strikes rule, meaning that no matter what the offenses are, the criminal will receive a life sentence.Has this deterred those in this state to reduce crime? Or do we all need to use this system to suffice them be deterred? Whatever the issue at hand may be, we all need to come to a common ground as to what will suffice reduce our crime rates and reduce the overcrowding of prisons and jails. This is a very costly matter and the funds can be used for programs to help those that want to be helped. Reference www. NYTimes. com. (September 2010). Longer Sentences Do Not Deter Crime. Retrieved from http//www. nytimes. com

Ethnographic Research Essay

The focus of my reflect is the interactions inside a nursing inhabitation environs. I observed the social interactions between the olders and nurses, elders and family, and elders among other elders. The reason why I decided to study this break officular group of people was primarily because my grandma currently resides in a nursing home. I also treasured to observe how elders keep up with relationships and social interactions when living in a nursing home. Although my grandma was at the nursing home where I did my observations, I did not observe her as a subject.The building I did my observations in was called the Johnson Center. It was a two-floor, dark and light brown building. The entrance on the outside of the Johnson Center was inviting, and once I went inside, there was a sadness that overcame my mood. There was also this distinctive scent, like mixed meatloaf and hand sanitizer, which attached itself in my roll during the entirety of my observations. The area I did my observations was located on the second floor, directly in the middle of the floor. There were five halls that lead from the dine room to the bedrooms of the residents, and to an natural action room and the living room, which had couches, a TV, two parrots in a cage, and access to the outside patio area. But, the dining room area was the main focus of study of my observations.The dining room area was about the size of the classroom we hold class in. It had a tall ceiling with many windows that let in round natural sunlight. There was a black piano, which is where I sat when I did my observations. A clear windowed office filled the side of the dining room. The tables in this dining room were set up with white table cloths, red nap races, coffee cups and utensils. When lunch came out, the trays took over the majority of space left on the table. Some tables were faultless with chairs, while other tables werent, since the elders in wheel chairs occupied that space. The noise level wa s at a low-medium during my observations. It yet got noisy when the utensils hit the plates, or when small chats among the elders, nurses and families occurred. The environment was comforting, with a hint of sadness and despair.Creating the conditions for self-fulfillment for aged care residents, by Sonya Brownie and Louise Horstmanshof, shows a study that measured how 27 residents in a high-care quickness in Ohio spent their day. Unbelievably, there was only 4% of the time dedicated to organized activities, while 25% was spend in the dining room, and 9% was eating. I think this article is the most relevant and important to my research because it describes exactly what I observed, the dining room, which was where the elderly spend most of their day. This article also explains the richness of relationships, the importance of maintaining relationships and the effects of relationship deprivation.The article states that deprivation of meaningful relationships and social engagement ad versely effects the physical and emotional well-being of older people, leads to feelings of closing off and loneliness, which I saw when I observed the elders social interactions. I observed that lack of social interactions effect the way certain elders behave or defend in the nursing home, and almost every elder showed some sign of depression or sadness. It is true to my observation on the interactions between elders and other elders, in which elders isolate themselves from the group, and gum olibanum respond back with hostile behavior towards one another. Without social interactions, the elders create a sense of loneliness and depression, and their personal identity, self-esteem and personal control are all shaken.The article, Families and Elder Care in the 21st Century, by Ann Bookman and Delia Kimbrel, studied the importance of finding nurses who have the ability to understand for each one elder and how to adapt to their behavior, as well as the significance of nurses of colo r in comparison to the Caucasian elders. Although most Americans refrain from putting their elderly kin in nursing homes, Latinos, African Americans, and Asians are least likely to do so. Even elders of color with greater care needs, such as those afflicted with frenzy or chronic illnesses, are more likely than whites to receive care from their children and live in the community with them. This statement describes the reasoning as to why the elder population in this nursing home is predominately Caucasian. It is because in Latino, African American and Asian cultures have their elderly live with their children.Gerritsen, Steverink, Ooms and Ribbel are the authors of Finding a useful conceptual basis for enhancing the quality of life of nursing home residents, which describes the quality of life, what the quality of life is and how it should optimized. It also describes what the factors in the social integration. This is the most important part of the article because it highlights e xactly what factors are needed in order to improve on the elderlys wellbeing and what needs are needed within the nursing home. First is social integration needs, which includes the factors of growth needs, self-esteem needs, as well as love and belonging needs. The second is material resource needs, which includes preventative and security needs, and physiological needs. Every one of these needs is necessary in creating an environment dedicated to the needs of the elders. This will enhance their quality of life and thus be dependent on the degree to which they are able, with assistance, to meet those needs.The last article I found that related most to my research is called, Nursing home residents dependence and independence. The focus of this article is the observation of the pattern of social interaction between nursing home resident and the nursing staff during mealtimes. This was very standardised to my observations on the elders in the nursing. In fact, the results were alm ost the same, as well. The study showed that residents were rarely socially active, which is true for my observations. Stated in the conclusion of the article, the response of the nursing staff to the residents social engagement was variablehowever, they did not respond at all and seldom displayed engagement-supportive behavior. This statement holds true to my observations on the elderly and nurses as well. Although, I only studied a total of 5 nurses, the nurses response to the elders definitely varied, but almost every time, the nurses did not engage with the elders, unless they had a specific duty.

Higher Pleasures: Unique to Human Beings

John Stuart bomber argues In utilitarianism that higher(prenominal) pleasures argon unique to pitying universes. high pleasures are those pleasures that require some token(prenominal) of cognitive capacities to enjoy. More specifically, higher pleasures are talented pleasures while turn away pleasures are sensual pleasures. lounge argues that animals are not capable of experiencing higher pleasures because animals are not aware of their higher facilities animals lack the in hurled ability to be curious, to achieve a sense of self-worth from volunteering. or to hold a deep and intellectual conversation.Mill success broad(a)y argues in utilitarianism that higher pleasures are not only distinct and unique to forgiving universes, tho are also more delectable and valuable than raze pleasures because human beings piddle higher facilities for happiness. It is better(p) to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig dissatisfied, (pg 18. ) Mill uses this example because human b eings have experienced both higher and lower pleasures, and would not willingly switch from a action of hgher pleasures toa biography of lower pleasures. Through controlled experiences, Griffen and Speck argue in New yard of AnimalConsciousness that animals do accept some torm ot primary election apprisedness enabling them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes. Intellectual pleasures may be unique to humans, but sensual pleasures are now being examined and documented in animals. How do we, as humans, bop with certainty that higher pleasures are more desirable and valuable than lower pleasures? Mill argues that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures with the following example, human beings know both sides of the question, while pigs only know their side of the question.Human beings nd animals have two very different ideas of happiness and suffice It is indisputable that the being whose capacities of enjoyment are low, has the greatest chance of havi ng them fully satisfied and they will not make him enw the being who is indeed unconscious of the imperfections, but only because he feels not at all the good which those Imperfections characterize (page 18. ) Mill argues that no human being, who knows both sides of the question, would voluntarily go from a Ife of higher pleasures to a life of lower pleasures.Mill states that once a human being is ade aware of their higher pleasures, they would never be happy to leave a life of higher pleasures for a life of lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are therefore superior in kind to lower pleasures. We faecal matterful bet of trains of pleasure on a continuum, with lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep on the lower left all over of the continuum, and higher pleasures, such as reading a book, volunteering, or seeing a good play on the higher send away of the continuum.Human beings have experience both kinds of pleasure, higher and lower, and are therefore are qualified with th e knowledge to say that higher pleasures are more valuable and desirable than ower pleasures. In tne artlcle New Evidence 0T Animal consciousness, GrlTTen ana injury present evidence that support the idea that animals are capable of experiencing at least some level of consciousness. In the article, consciousness is described as the subjective state of feeling or thinking approximately objects and events (pg 6. The authors encourage us to think of consciousness also along a continuum, with basic consciousness on one end, and a higher form on consciousness on the other. The authors agree with Natsoulas evidence that animals have some form of basic onsciousness, Animals are sometimes aware of objects and events, including social relationships, memories, and simple short-term forecasting of likely happenings in the near future (page 6. However, animals do not experience a form of go or higher consciousness that is unique to humans. The chapter states that if animals are conscious, their conscious level probably varies from the simplest feelings to thinking close the common problems they can face, and ways to avoid it. As stated above, consciousness requires some form marginal of cognitive capacities, animals lack any form of cognitive capacities, leaving higher pleasures istinctively unique to human beings.The central question in the article is whether or not animals experience a form of basic consciousness, and if so, what is the content of their awareness, a question that can help us better understand them, their way of life, and what type of pleasures they experience. Referring thorn to Mills Utilitarianism, Mill argues that higher pleasures are more desirable and more valuable than lower pleasures. Utilitarian writers, in general, agree that higher pleasures are superior to lower pleasures because they place an emphasize on mental pleasures over bodily pleasures.And in general, Utilitarian writers agree that although you can enjoy more lower pleasures , you cannot consider prize alongside quantity the level of your happiness should depend on the quantity of your pleasures. At this point, I think it would be fair to say that animals posses some form of primary or basic consciousness, perhaps the near simple evidence to support this claim can be found in Frith et al. s study. Gestures and movements can be made with a deliberate communicative intentThis realization of the significance of communication as a source of evidence about conscious feelings and thoughts ntails a simple transfer to animals of the basic methods by which we infer what our human companions are thinking or feeling (pg 12. ) Animals communicate a variety of thoughts and feelings, proving that they deliver some form of primary or basic consciousness. And because animals ingest some form of primary consciousness, it would be fair to say that animals experience some for of sensual experiences, or what Mill would define as lower pleasures.Another piece of evidenc e that supports the claim that animals posses some form of primary or basic consciousness, can be seen in Weir et als experiment. In this experiment, it is shown how birds communicate through their own distinct behavior it is shown how birds are able to correct to an experimentally given environment. Two birds were presented with a bucket full of food, the bucket was placed at the pot of a transparent vertical tube that could not be reached without their beaks alone. The birds were then presented with two telegraphs, one with a straight end, and the other with a bent end that formed a hook.The food was much easier to have with the nook endea wire. I ne Temale Dlra was always presented wltn tne stralgnt end, ana he male bird was always presented with the hooked end however, the female bird was able to hold to her environment and bend the end of her wire so that her wire was also hooked at the end. When only two straight wires were presented to the birds, the female bird was able to adapt and bend the wire to better reach her food, without any example or lead from the male birds wire.Through this experiment, it is unclutter that the female bird was able to adapt to her given environment. Her primary consciousness accompanied her form of perception, and influenced her action. She had no model to imitate and, to our knowledge, no pportunity for hook making to emerge by chance shaping or reinforcement of randomly generated behavior (pg 12. ) It is clear to see that the female bird perceived her goals as desirable she saw that she needed food, and she made conscious adjustments in order to attain her goal.Her primary consciousness influenced her form of action. Linking back to Mills Utilitarianism, lower pleasures only require a simple, primary form a consciousness. New Evidence of Animal Consciousness argues that primary consciousness is, The state or facility of being mentally conscious or aware of anything (pg 6. The article argues through controlled experi ments that animals can hold a primary form of consciousness. And because animals possess a form of simple, basic consciousness, they also possess the ability to experience lower pleasures.Animals possess the full mental capacity to live their lives to facilitate the highest level of their lower pleasures. Higher pleasures are unique to human beings. Human beings possess the inapt mental capacity to experience a form of pleasure derived from our intellect. Higher pleasures require some minimum of cognitive capacities to enjoy because human eings have high cognitive capacities, we are capable of reaching higher levels of pleasure than animals.In the book Utilitarianism by John Stuart Mill, Mill argues that higher pleasures can only be experienced by human beings because we possess some minimum of cognitive capacities and that lower pleasures, such as sex, food, and sleep, can be experienced by any living that has a primary or basic conscious. Through controlled experiences, it is arg ued in New Evidence of Animal Consciousness that animals do possess some form of primary consciousness enabling them to experience these lower pleasures that Mill describes.

Law Social Engineering

LAW AS A TOOL FOR SOCIAL applied science IN INDIA KARANDEEP MAKKAR1 Roscoe Pound introduced the tenet of fond Engineering which assumes at building an efficient structure of lodge which would result in the expiation of maximum of wants with the minimum of friction and waste. It involved the rebalancing of competing pursuits. This article analyses the role of legislations, innate alimentation and court judgements in the process of brotherly engineering in India.Introduction India, known around the cosmos as a cradle of civilizations has always been a queer mixture of various faiths, religions, a agency where the cultures of the world meet, constituting an environment of composite culture. It was for this reason that Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru c exclusivelyed India the the museum of world religions. Indeed, the very paradigmatic setting of India has been pluralist completely along. still today the place down mass called India, spread over 3. 8 million sq km of ara be by a thousand million plus population, with every imaginable kind of a last pattern from minus 40 decimal point Celsius in great Himalayan region to 50 degree Celsius temperature in the deserts of Rajasthan and temperate weather of coastal regions, 20 official languages written in 16 different scripts, around 2000 dialects, 16 well demarcated agro-climatic zones2 and almost all religions of the world well and adequately re indicateed, presents a mind boggling variety and plurality.And all this has a bearing on Indias liberal, secular, re cosmosan, politico- licit system. Under these conditions, it becomes very needed to defend a mechanism for balancing the interests of the individuals, nine and the state. India, after independence, adopted the ideal of a collectivised pattern of society and has formulated programmes of mixer welfare in various spheres. The aim is to establish a societal order which would eradicate exploitation, secure equal opportunities for all citizens, ensur e that they share just obligations and get laid social security.The means adopted in achieving these ideals these ideals are peaceful and democratic. The goal is sought to be achieved mainly through the enactment of suitable virtues. It is generally recognised that legislation does acquire healthy conditions for such changes. It is in these circumstances that rightfulness comes into play to act as an agency balancing conflicting interests and becomes a apparatus for social engineering. This article analyses the 1 2 Student, 3rd Year, B. A. LL. B (Hons. ), Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur. Data teken from http//en. ikipedia. org/wiki/India accessed on 31-03-2010 role of legislations, constitutional provisions and court judgements in the process of social engineering in India. The creation of companionable Engineering Roscoe Pound was one of the greatest leaders of sociological school of jurisprudence. He introduced the doctrine of Social Engineering which aims at building an efficient structure of society which would result in the satisfaction of maximum of wants with the minimum of friction and waste. It involved the rebalancing of competing interests.Roscoe Pound defined the legal order by source to the end of law It the legal order whitethorn well be thought of as a designate or as a great series of tasks of social en-gineering as an elimination of friction and precluding of waste, so far as possible, in the sa-tisfaction of infinite human desires out of a relatively finite hold on of the material goods of ex-istence. 3 Interests, desires, claims, wants for the most go away the words are used interchangeably in Pounds writings, although interests sometimes serves as the inclusive term. He writes, For the purpose of understanding the law of today I am glut with a picture of satisfying as much of the whole body of human wants as we may with the least sacrifice. I am content to think of law as a social institution to satisfy social wantsthe claims and demands involved in the existence of civilized societyby giving arrange to as much as we may with the least sacrifice, so far as such wants may be satisfied or such claims given effect by an ordering of human grapple through politically organized society.For present purposes I am content to see in legal history the record of a continually wider recognizing and satisfying of human wants or claims or desires through social control a to a greater extent embracing and more effective securing of social interests a continually more complete and effective elimination of waste and precluding of friction in human enjoyment of the goods of existence in short, a continually more efficacious social engineering. 5 Like the engineer, the jurist constructs, creates but not out of thin air.Like the engineer, he must work with resistive materials, without which, however, he could not build at all and always there are adverse conditions imposed upon his use. Friction and waste , represented by a sacrifice of interests which might be secured, must be overcome. The task is one for human activity though requiring methodical care, there is nevertheless nothing static about it. technique and materials may be improved. judge 3 4 5 Pound, Roscoe, Interpretations of Legal History, Harvard University Press, 1946, At P. 160. Pound, Roscoe, The Spirit of the Common Law, dealing Publishers, 1999, At P. 96. Pound, Roscoe, An Introduction To The Philosophy Of Law, Transaction Publishers, 1999, at p. 20. must work on, must create an ever greater, ever more serviceable structure. The engineering analogy stands out as both bright and timely. 6 According to Roscoe Pound, law is an instrument of social engineering. The task of jurists is to find out those factors which would help in the development of culture conducive to the maximisation of satisfaction of wants. These factors are principles as Jural Postulates. 7 Technique of Social EngineeringPound advocated the tech nique of Social Engineering for the purpose of balancing the conflicting interest of the society, in order to achieve maximum satisfaction of maximum want of the individuals. He advocated that the study of law should be supplemented by social aspects so that it may become more attractive and useful. Spencer and Bentham besides in a way directly and indirectly applied law to men in society. Judicial act Pound suggested that judicial application of law should take into account the following factors (a) The factual study of social effects of the administration of law. b) Social investigations as preliminaries to legislation. (c) The means by which the law fuck be do more effective should be devised. (d) A study of legal and philosophical aspect of judicial method. (e) sociological study of Legal History. (f) The achievement of the purpose of law. (g) Possibilities of jurisprudence of interests and reasonable solution of the individual case. SOCIAL regulation AS TOOL FOR SOCIAL ENG INEERING When unequal distribution of wealth exists in a society or when social justice is denied to certain sections of the people, laws are enacted to bring about equilibrium.These laws may be designated under social legislation. Social legislation tries to remove inequalities and to benefit the whole community rather than a few individuals. It adjusts 6 7 Douglas, Some Functional Aspects of Bankruptcy (1932) 41 YALE L. J. 329, 331. Dr. Laxmikanth, Law and social faulting, at pg. 6 supplements and sometime replaces the existing legal system. In other words, in amplification to punter the social conditions of people, it bridges the gulf that exists amid the existing law at the requirements of the society at a given time. Social legislation, in this sense has a redundant significance. It is different from ordinary types of legislation in as much as it reflects, the legislative policy of establishing social justice on humanistic and egalitarian principles. The primary functions o f social legislations are summed up by Hogan and Inni in following words (1) To provide for the not bad(p) regulation of social relationship. (2) To provide for the welfare and security of all individuals in the social unit. 9 Social legislation, therefore, aims at establishing social equality in society.The needs of society are adjusted and those who are prudent for creating imbalances or inequalities in society are prevented from doing so. It is however, necessary that all social legislation must be accompanied by social preparedness by effective propaganda to educate the people about its objects and to commute them of the ultimate utility of a particular legislative measure aimed at promoting the common good and raising the common welfare. It is besides then that the law can give direction, form and continuity to social change. The effectuality of social legislation also depends on attitude of judiciary.Under the traditional approach, the judges usually paid greater heed to the letter of the law and the mischief that was to be removed by the law. Social conditions and frugal cut off were not supposed to influence him in arriving at a certain decision. But this attitude appears to have changed in late times. The judge appears to be conscious of the felt necessities of the time. He feels that his duty is not only to point out mistakes of legislature or remove unjustifiable hardships caused by law but also to assist in the social and sparing progress of our times. 10 LEGISLATIONS ENACTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF SOCIAL ENGINEERING 9 10 Balbir Sahay Sinha, Law and social change in India, , 1983, Deep and Deep Publications, pg. 25 Hogan and Inni, American Social Legislations, Harper and Brothers, New York, at p. 4. Supra Note 7. The introduction of certain major changes in the Hindu family law is a very important instance of social reconstruction in India in recent times. This has been brought about by such Acts, as The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, the Hindu Min ority and Guardianship Act, 1956, and the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956. The provisions of these Acts are calculated to generate effective means of social control.For instance,Section 12 of the Act prohibits polygamy which was very prevalent in the society in front the enactment of the Act. This can be viewed as a measure to balance the interests of the husband and wife as also a means for social control. The socio-economic revolution that has resulted from new land legislations is best seen in rural India. The land reform measures, adopted by the State Governments in the wake of Constitutional amendments, are meant to mitigate the hardships of tenants, strengthen and safeguard their tenancy rights and contribute a new status on them.This type of legislation can be rightly regarded as one neutralising the socio-economic disharmony in the rural population. The pitiable conditions and large-scale poverty of the rural population produced a sense of frustration in our peasa ntry endangering the entire society. The grievances of the agriculturists are being gradually removed by the land reform projects which would ultimately bring about a degree of social satisfaction and create a spirit of co-operation in the masses. 11 The new labour laws are aimed at battering the conditions of the proletarians in craft and industry.These laws have had an impact on social structure to a large extent. The individual workers interest has been given great importance. The freedom of contract between the employer and the employee has been regulated in the interest of the worker and attempt has been made to assure to every worker condition of work ensuring a decent well-worn of life. A number of important enactments as, for example, The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, The Minimum Wages Act, 1948, The Plantation Labour Act, 1951, The Maternity receipts Act, 1961 have been designed to curb, if not eradicate, the urge to exploit workers.Thus, they promote the welfare of wo rkers and balance interests of employees and employers hence resulting in social engineering. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS PROMOTING SOCIAL HARMONY The glaring inequality of different types more particularly based on sex and caste prevailed in Indian society until the pre-independence days, despite continuous efforts by the state, reformers and missionaries to control and eradicate them. The immediate 11 Supra note 7, at pg. 27 task for the Indian people and constitution makers was to establish an egalitarian society.Therefore, in the preamble of the constitution it was declared that we, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens JUSTICE, social, economic and political LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship EQUALITY of status and of opportunity and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of th e nation. 2 The constitutional provisions relating to secularism aim at bringing about integration and harmony in the society. Article 15 of the Constitution forbids a classification on the ground only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them, subject to specify exceptions and Article 16 makes a like provision in connection with public employment with the addition of descent and residence as forbidden grounds of classification. The Constitution gives the right to all persons to profess freely, apply and propagate religion subject to public rder, morality and to other provisions of the Constitution on ingrained Rights. Thus, in India no religion is given a preferential status or accorded any special privilege and the Constitutional provisions aim that no person should suffer any disability because of his religion. In order to achieve social progress and political advancement, the practice of untouchability has been outlawed by Article 17 of the Constitution and by the Untouchability Offences Act, 1955 enacted in pursuance of Article 17. These are clear indications to end social equality.The provisions referred to are aimed at effectively balancing the various conflicting interests in the society and form the radical of what Roscoe Pound termed as social engineering. A STUDY OF CASE LAWS While Sociological jurists emphasize on the balancing of the conflicting interests of the individual, society and the public through the process which Roscoe Pound terms as the process of social engineering, the same has also been witnessed though the action of the Supreme tap when, in Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum v.The Union of India13 which is known as the Tanneries case the Supreme Court spy as The Constitutional and statutory provisions protect a persons right to sugared air, clean water and pollution-free environment, but the source of the right is the inalienable common 12 Bal Gobind, Kashyap, Reformative law and social justice in Indian socie ty, 1995, Regency Publications, New Delhi, at p. 8 13 air travel 1999 SC 2715 law right of clean environment. The Court further observed, Our legal system having been founded on the British Common Law, the right of a person to pollution-free environment is part of the basic jurisprudence of the land.Thus the Court gave priority of public interest over individual interest. In B. Venkatramma v. State of Madras14, the passing of a common order by the Government allotting certain vacant posts in government services in improve proportions to Muslims, Christians, Harijans, Backward Hindus, Hindus, Non-Brahmin Hindus, and Brahmins was taken to be a violation of Article 16(1) of the constitution by the Supreme Court. closing curtain Rapid change in Indian social life is the result of some(prenominal) factors.The influence of public opinion, the lessons of history, and the examples of progress achieved in other countries, the impact of ideas from the West- all have played a part. The le gislative activity in India after independence has been directed, by and large, towards the creation of a new social order. The gap between pressure of changed patterns and the slowly evolving new norms of social life was sought to be plugged by many important laws. To make social engineering through the use of law, the importance of other factors like economic development needs to be realised.Law cannot, by itself play a vital role unless it is accompanied with economic development. Public opinion also plays an important role. There should be awareness amongst the various sections of the society before legislation is enacted for its successful enforcement. The purpose of social legislation like other types of legislations is not fulfilled if its enforcement is lax. If laws are evaded by people, this undermines the purpose of legislation, breeds corruption and puts the administrative machinery under heavy strain. This may ultimately lead to decomposition of the society.Hence, rathe r than passing a number of legislations in this area without making adequate provisions for their enforcement, it is better to have fewer social laws containing clear-cut provisions for effective enforcement. The conflicts in modern Indian society are largely due to the fact that social life has not been properly adjusted to the forces of present age. In order to harmonize our relations in the society, it is absolutely essential that changes in law should be preconditioned by the existing public opinion in the society.In other words, the changes in 14 AIR 1964 SC 572 law should be only in those directions and to that extent which the people in general draw a bead on in the society. Mere super-imposition and direct adoption of immaterial models in their entirely original form can create disruption and disorder in the society. We should retain our own social values and include foreign ideals in such a manner that the latter are fully assimilated and become a part of our social syste m.

Record Controls

Record Controls Valerie Chacon Axia College November 21st, 2010 HCR 210 Lisa Israel Today, there be galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) security measures within small, medium and king-sized facilities. There are secure get ons, passwords, access codes and other things to cargo deck learns safe. If these security measures are non in place, therefore the medical facility could be at venture for letting confidential information get to the wrong people. There are differences and similarities in ways for each wiz medical facility handles their medical records. Small, medium, and large facilities search to white plague similar security measures within an electronic record register agreement.Most facilities use passwords, usernames, and access codes. With this said, only certain staff members bewilder these access codes. Sometimes, one person has these access codes depending on how big the facility is. Sometimes files are only kept in a filing cabinet that is locked, along w ith the building locked when no one is there. Many small facilities seem to still use penning records. Paper records can have their positives and negatives. Small facilities do not have many doctors which in this case they know many of their patients on a personal level. This is a honourable aspect, especially for looking up records.Many small facilities keep their records in a secured room that is locked. Some facilities use only one person with one key, and others have access codes to get into the secured room. Depending on the facility and how many patient records there are, they all follow certain rules in their facility. Some facilities follow color coded record filing, numeric filing, and alphabetical filing. Some facilities keep their record in one place, other facilities have 2. If it is paper filing and they have 2 secure rooms, usually one room is for current patients and the other room is for old patient record.Records are kept from eight to ten year, depending on facil ities regulations, and then destroyed of in good order according to privacy information (Robinson, 2010). With smaller facilities, this may happen more often than a big facility, most likely because they use the paper filing system. With medium to large facilities, these facilities seem to use the electronic filing system. Although some medium and large facilities still use paper filing, more medium and large facilities have and are converting to electronic filing. The electronic filing systems seem to be more convenient for big facilities.The hassle of so many patient records in paper form can be coarse responsibility. This is why electronic filing is so much easier. The less hassle for records management, the less stress. Many larger facilities agree that electronic filing is much easier and can help control the records management. The storage for electronic filing is much easier too. The only downside with electronic filing is the unknown system downs for restoring or upgradi ng system requirements (Robinson, 2010). Sometimes when the system goes down, they may have to write down records until systems are up and running.Each facility follows a strict polity in the scenario. Large facilities handle more patient records than a small and medium facility. There are not many facilities that still have paper records management. If security procedures are not followed correctly then there can be major problems. Mix ups of patient records are at stake, patient confidentiality could be at stake. All facilities follow procedures to ensure patient privacy. In certain cases that a file may be lost or stolen, there are rules regulations and consequences on behalf of the facility. This is why it is so important for security measure to be met.It is the law that all confidential information is secured and locked, whether it is in a room or a filing cabinet. If a advance were to happen, patient records could be damaged, this is why it is evenly important to have a spr inkler system set up in the case of a fire (Green & Bowie,2005). No matter if the facility is small medium or large, each medical facility follows security Measures to ensure record confidentiality and keeping records safe. The follow specific guidelines and if these guidelines are not followed, serious consequences can come to the facility and the staff members.If it is a single staff member that is not following guidelines, this staff member can be written up and/or subject to finale from their job/career. To ensure this does not happen, many facilities offer training and most need a form in having a job like this.References Robinson, S. (2010, November7). Interview Data Thread Group C . contentedness posted to http//University of Phoenix class forum, HCR/210 Patient Records Keeping it Real course website. Green, M. A. , & Bowie, M. J. (2005). Essentials pf Health nurture Management Principles and Practices. Clifton Park , NY Thomson Felmar Learning.

Quality Of Life Elderly Osteoarthritis Health And Social Care Essay

Health and quality of vitality be of course interrelated. This bequeaths rise to the construct of Health-related quality of feel ( HRQOL ) . HRQOL is a multidimensional construct that covers a wide facet of health and good being of a individual both the constructive and unhelpful facets of vitality. . Harmonizing to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( 2000 ) , HRQL is friendship as the most suited facet of quality of life ( QOL ) for probe in footings of which facet of QOL pretend the cushion of a disorder or any aesculapian lieu, and defined it as an person s or group s sensed physical and psychogenic health over time. . By analyzing HRQOL of a disease, it provide be possible to mensurate and show the impact of health on quality of life scientifically. HRQOL covers many facets of good being including the emotional, physical, societal and subjective feelings that chance upon patients appraisal and response to their un healths. It is suited particularly i n look intoing on the functional wellness sic and wellbeing which ar perceived and self- account by the persons. DeSalvo, Bloser, Reynolds, He, Muntner ( 2002 ) showed that self-reporting by persons on their wellness position has proved to be a significanceant forecaster of mortality and unwholesomeness comp bed to several(predicate) nonsubjective steps of wellness. Therefore, it has been recognized as a suited wellness index and service demands index in many diseases including arthritis.Problems that ar associated with arthritis are simply non tho in aesculapian unwellness. It besides has significant impacts on patients functional capacity and QOL. Escalante and Del Rincon ( 1999 ) had emphasise that the joint stiffness, changeless hurting, and joint harm due to arthritis travail important physical disablement and give negative operate in many facets of the patients lives, including functional disablement, work, relationships, and psychological impact. It has been sho wn that populating with arthritis is associated with decreased in QOL ( Nadal, 2001 ) .Harmonizing to WHO ( 2003 ) , arthritic diseases which al low in degenerative arthritis ( OA ) are the chief cause of morbidness throughout the universe and the diseases adopt an of import influence on the blable wellness and quality of life. OA is peculiarly common among older people. Longitudinal surveies carry erect that incidence of degenerative arthritis increased with progressing age ( Sowers, Zobel, Weissfeld, Hawthorne and Carman, 1991 ) . The bing QA continues to come on in a long bring with the rate of patterned advance increased as the person sr.. No uncertainty that in both the victimization and developed states where the life anticipation has increased in recent decennaries and with the alterations in the life port and diet, a rise in the incidence and preponderance of non-communicable diseases which includes the OA has present. This phenomenon is markedly seen in developing states which show betterments in wellness results. Statistically, WHO ( 2003 ) claimed that the prevalence of OA is that 10 % of the universe s population who are 60 old ages or older. It besides claimed that about 40 % of the elder age of 70 old ages and above enduring from OA of the join genus, and about 80 % of patients with OA shake up restriction of motion in assorted grade, and worst of all, about 25 % of patients with OA can non execute their major day-to-day activities of life.Osteoarthritis is the most common var. of arthritis and is considered as wiz of the stressful, inveterate unwellness and extremely prevalent in our society. Arthritis including OA is unmatchable of the major chronic unwellnesss that affect the morbidity of Malaysian ( Doris Padmini, et al. , 2010 ) . The prevalence of OA is in the Asia Pacific part is about 10-20 % of the grownup population. In all populations analyse so far the prevalence of spliff genus OA is higher than that of hip OA yet t his is more than pronounced in Asiatic populations ( WHO, 2003 ) . The similar status occurs in Malaysia in which the most common signifier of OA is the articulatio genus OA ( Veerapan, Wigley and Valkenburg, 2007 ) . Although in that respect is no exact figure of patients with knee OA, the Community Orientated Program for Control of Rheumatic Diseases ( COPCORD ) come after showed that 21.1 % of grownup Malaysians complained of arthritic hurting and the ailment rate increased with age those as shown as the prevalence of OA was 53.4 % in those over 65 old ages. The exact prevalence of articulatio genus OA in Malaysia is non known. There is merely single observe through in primary attention puting in Malaysia and the survey showed that patient with articulatio genus OA go toing the authorities wellness clinic had comparatively hapless QOL in their physical wellness but thither was less in their mental wellness. ( Zakaria, Bakar, Hasmoni, Rani and Kadir, 2009 )There is a batch of tuition proposing that musculoskeletal diseases including OA have a negative consequence on HRQOL. One big wellness study ( Behavioral bump Factor Surveillance Survey ) done yearly in United States of America ( USA ) by CDC Atlanta incorporating informations from 32,322 grownups in 11 provinces showed that those persons with arthritis had about three times higher HRQL damage compared to those without the creaky disease ( 28.6 % vs. 8.3 % ) . They besides accounted a significantly larger figure of yearss when usual activities were restricted and physical and mental wellness was hapless ( Cook, Pietrobon and Hegedus, 2007 ) . Therefore, their creaky status made it difficult for them to populate in state of affairs they wanted.In the other states, assorted survey done on OA, for illustration in Korea in which the findings noted that OA are common in the elderly grownup population with the prevalence of 37.3 % for radiographic OA and 24.2 % for diagnostic OA, and significantly more i n great(p) females ( Inje, Hyun, Yeong, Jin and Dong, 2010 ) . In Greece with prevalence of diagnostic OA of 8.9 % showed similar findings in gender, where OA was significantly higher among adult females and it increased with age significantly. Similar state of affairs occurs in Britain, in which the most normally reported ground of morbidity among persons old 65 old ages and over peculiarly among adult females, is the upset of the musculoskeletal system ( Brown, Bowling and Flynn, 2004 ) . Findingss from the IQOLA Project Group ( 2004 ) gave groundss that legion surveies have shown that patients with musculoskeletal diseases have worse HRQOL, but the worst HRQOL was reported by patients with OA, Rheumatoid Arthritis ( RA ) , Osteoporosis and Fibromyalgia ( Picavet and Hoeymans, 2004 ) . These similar findings were seen in a survey done in Hong Kong which concluded that patients with knee degenerative arthritis had more impact on the HRQOL than other chronic diseases ( get off an d Launder, 2000 ) .Problem StatementThis survey is designed to analyze the wellness related quality of life in aged with OA go toing authorities wellness clinics in Kuala Lumpur. OA is chiefly an unwellness of aged individuals presented as moderate to severe symptoms ( McCarty, 1989 ) . For those who have mild symptoms normally volition non seek medical attention. Harmonizing to Brown et Al. ( 2004 ) , the factors that may act upon the HRQOL in patients with OA are the demographic factors such as age, gender and socioeconomic position the OA conditions ( illness-related stressors ) that can impaired the patients day-to-day action and the intervention for the status could besides impact people s wellness perceptual experience. These factors will be analyse as the dependent variables. The illness-related emotion and the header schemes that the patients have, would be the go-between variables.Theoretical ModelHarmonizing to Ventegodt, Merrick and, Andersen ( 2003 ) , Quality of Li fe ( QOL ) assign a good life , which imply a life with a high quality. HRQOL is one of the studied constituents of QOL, by and large referred to a good life patient/client- base outcome indexs of wellness and societal attention engagement. OQL is a multi-level and obscure construct. It is accepted as the terminal of the rating of public policy. Although the cardinal spheres of QOL were identify in the literature are applicable to grownups of all ages, most of the explore community has accepted no unequivocal theoretical model of quality of life, and no individual interrogation model has been utilised in its probe ( Brown et al. 2004 ) . However, Ventegodt, et Al. ( 2003 ) presented a theoretical model of the integrative surmisal of the quality of life ( IQOL theory ) refering facets of a good life which is showed in Figure 1.This integrative theory is an overall theory or meta-theory embracing eight more factual theories including the theory aspired by Maslow, in a subject ive-existential-objective spectrum. By presenting this IQOL theory, a strength into the wellness and societal scientific disciplines is a measure towards a new recognition and regard for the profusion and complexness of life.Using the IQOL and Stress Coping Model ( Lazarus and Folkman, 1984 ) , the purposeual model for this survey will be based on. The HRQOL manifests itself as the index variable. The header schemes and the stressors ( assessment of demands and end ) will be the go-between.In this survey, the internal and external resources will non being studied. The constituent that being written boldly in the theoretical account above is the chief elements that will be look into.JustificationThe HRQOL has neer been studied in an urban scene in Malaysia boulder clay today, except in Putrajaya which has different population composing compared to other province. Kuala Lumpur being the most urbanised metropolis in Malaysia and populated by about 72,345 aged ( incision of Statistic Malaysia, 2010 ) . The composing of races and age is about similar to other urban puting in Malaysia The figure of aged with OA in Kuala Lumpur is non known. By put to deathing this survey, the basal line of prevalence of OA go toing the authorities wellness clinics can be obtained.Another ground why analyzing HRQOL in OA patients is of import because harmonizing to Woolf and Pfleger ( 2003 ) , musculoskeletal upsets are the most common cause of terrible long-run hurting and physical disablement, and it affects the societal operation and mental wellness of the patient and afterward diminishes the patient s HRQOL. Arthritis diseases which include OA are one of the groups of diseases that cause a major public wellness job. Not merely are they progressive enfeebling diseases with no known remedy, but they besides have a annihilating impact on HRQL. This disease affects the patient s capableness to populate a full and active life. In the study of The Bone- and Joint Decade 2000-2010, i t has highlighted the significance of bettering the patients HRQOL with musculoskeletal upset.With the outgrowth of ageing population in Malaysia, the incidence and prevalence of people who suffer from chronic diseases such as OA, RA, osteoporosis and low back hurting, will go on to increase. The musculoskeletal upsets will and hold taken up a big proportion of healthcare resources compared to other chronic diseases, ( Osborne, Nikpour, Busija, Sundararajan and Wicks, 2007 ) .Clinicians and public wellness decision makers are precaution about the wellness attention resources effects of arthritis ( March and Bachmeier, 1997 ) . Normally the results in wellness attention have been determined by the medical appraisal but the perceptual experience of the patient is besides an of import variable. Therefore, the importance of measuring wellness attention has shifted increasingly towards ratings of medical/health-related results from the patient s position. This can provide excess inf ormation more than what being obtained by the traditional wellness measurings, and, therefore is valuable in availing to understand the OA conditions.Significant of StudyFor Malaysia Ministry of Health, quality of life betterment is an indispensable public wellness end. The policy involvement in quality of life in older age is illustrated in the Malaysia National Policy for The Elderly, in which one of its purposes is To develop the potency of the aged so that they remain active and productive in national development and to make chances for them to go on to populate independently . Therefore, HRQOL can be a national wellness criterion which can associate different subjects and other services. By mensurating HRQOL, the ministry will be able to wangle the national wellness advancement, in carry throughing the national wellness aims. To do alterations in some national policy, the information on HRQOL needed to complement current public wellness s traditional morbidity and mortalit y measuring because HRQOL is related to both self-reported chronic diseases and their hazard factors- giving valuable new penetrations on the relationships between HRQOL and hazard factors. Other than that, it can besides financial aid to happen out the load of chronic diseases, place which subgroups in population that have hapless perceived wellness and this will assist in steering intercessions to better their state of affairss and prevent more serious effects. With all the information gathered, it can assist in placing the demands in the wellness policies and statute law, aid to administer resources consequently based on unmet demands, choose the strategic programs development, and supervise the effectivity of the intercessions. Since OA is one of the chronic diseases with high morbidity, survey in its impact on the HRQOL may change the policy devising of the chronic diseases.Besides that, HRQOL appraisal is an of import public wellness tool for the aged. As mentioned above, in formations from the appraisal will able to find the hazard factors of chronic diseases. In this epoch, when the life anticipation is increasing, the figure of aged will be increasing. It is the purpose of the public wellness that the aged will hold healthy ageing despite the overall wellness effects related to normal ripening and pathological disease processes. It is expected to be concerned with easing the aged in keeping their mobility, prolonging their independence and go oning their active engagement in society. The aged should be able to respond expeditiously to the physical, psychological and societal challenges of ageing. In other words, the consequence of all the activities should add quality to old ages of aged life. The information from HRQOL can be interpreted into the cognition, consciousness and pattern taking towards healthy ageing that will be executed to the community.The information from the survey will be able to assist physicians and wellness attention givers in placing the demands of patients with chronic diseases. It shall better their services and could be more patient-centred. As betterment in interventions and pull hit patient with OA take topographic point, new and better ways will emerge to back up the patients in take part a more active function in commanding their disease. Consequently, betterments in the HRQOL of OA patients can be seen in the hereafter old ages.The pathological definition for degenerative arthritis is of a status characterized by focal countries of loss of articular gristle within the synovial articulations, associated with hypertrophy of the atomic number 76 ( osteophytes and subchondral bone induration ) and inspissating of the capsule.However in this survey merely the diagnostic OA will be studied which based upon the American College of Rheumatology standards. The chief standards is joint hurting with at least 3 out of these 6 clinical findings nowadays age more than 50 old ages, crepitus, stiffness more tha n 30 proceedingss, bone tenderness, no tangible heat, bony expansion and bony tenderness ( Altman et al, 1986 )Health Related Quality Of LifeHarmonizing to CDC ( 2000 ) , HRQOL is defined as a wide multidimensional construct of quality of life that normally includes self-reported steps of physical and mental wellness by the inidividuals.To mensurate the HRQOL, the survey will be utilizing outcome survey of 36-item short signifier ( SF-36 ) . It is a multi-item have tabulate that step eight wellness constructs.Illness Related StressorAny signifier of emphasis that derived from the disease. Illness-related stressors are locomotion to be measured by the six subscales utilizing the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales. The subscales arePermission to carry on the survey in the authorities wellness installations need to be requested from the Ministry of Health, before pursues the survey. All the aged with OA that will be registered by the wellness personal will be informed about the surv ey and requested to take part in it. For those who agree to take part, the wellness personal will take aim to hold the participants to subscribe the written consent. The wellness personal will carry on and help the aged in replying the questionnaire that will be taken topographic point in a one to one unfastened interview session. The questionairres will be prepared in three linguistic communications which are Bahasa Melayu, Chinese Language and Indian Language. If the aged does non able to understand the inquiries proposed to them due to linguistic communication barrier, the research worker will name a linguistic communication transcriber.Data CollectionThe research workers will ab initio question the permission from the Ministry of Health in July 2011 to utilize their installations to carry on this survey, and informing the authorities wellness clinics sing the survey.In December 2011, the research worker will name at least 13 helpers to assist carry oning this survey. The helpe rs will be the wellness attention personals in which they are good verse with the medical footings and conditions. The helpers will be informed sing the aims, the consent needed from the aged, the information needed, the entry of informations in informations aeroplane and every bit good trained and brief on the behavior of the survey in footings of utilizing the questionnaires.The research workers and helpers will be carry oning the survey in 1 January 2011 boulder clay 30 June 2011 manually. The aged who fulfil the inclusion standards will be accepted in the survey whereas those who fulfil the exclusion standards will be excluded.The research workers and helpers will inquire the consent from the aged before questioning them. The consent signifier shown in Annex 2. The informations collected from the interviews will be collected and natural informations will be entered in SPSS statistical programme by the research worker. The information will be cleaned and edited.The Arthritis Imp act Measurement Scales ( AIMS ) . The graduated tables used are scored in a consistent manner so that a low think of indicates a high wellness position. The trial for dependability showed that the Guttman graduated table coefficients for scalability is more than 0.6. Whereas, the Guttman graduated table coefficients for duplicability is more than 0.9. The internal consistence by Cronbach s alpha is more than 0.60 for each of subdivisions. The points in AIMS are based on the constituent of the Rand Health Survey Questionnaires, the Quality of Well-Being Scale, and Katz s business leader of Activities of Daily Living. Factor analysis identified three factors that have been replicated in following surveies. ( Meenan, Mason, Anderson, Guccione and Kazis, 1990 )The Stress Questionnaire. The questionnaire has 16 points included in the four subscales of injury, challenge, menace and benefit. It is used to mensurate illness-related emotions which show how people review their disagreeable brushs. Folkman & A Lazarus ( 1986 ) stated that high alpha coefficients between 0 80 to 0-87 for these graduated tables and maintain for their concept cogency via a factor analysis attack, the Cronbach alpha coefficients of 0.76 to 0.85The Jalowiec Coping Scale ( JCS ) . JCS content cogency has been evaluated by expert panels and it is supported by a broad theoretical and empirical foundation. Construct cogency has been calculated. The 60 points in JCS are categorized into eight subscales, with concept cogency runing from 94 % on the Supportive subscale to 54 % on the Emotive subscale. The dependability of the graduated table is evaluated with Cronbach s alpha coefficients. Based from consequences of 24 different surveies the Cronbach s alpha coefficients for the usage subscales ranged from 0.48 to 0.81 and for the effectivity subscales from 0.48 to 0.82. ( Sigstad, Pedersen and Froland, 2005 ) .